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The Elliott Cutoff was a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail at the Malheur River where present-day Vale, Oregon, U.S. is today. The first portion of the road was originally known as the Meek Cutoff after Stephen Meek, a former trapper who led over 1,000 emigrants into the Harney Basin in 1845. There were considerable difficulties for the 1845 train and after reaching a hill known as Wagontire, the people left Meek and split into groups. They turned north at the Deschutes River and finally returned to the traditional Oregon Trail near The Dalles, Oregon.〔Leah Collins Menefee, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. "Cutoff Fever I," ''Oregon Historical Quarterly'' (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, Winter 1976), 315.〕 In 1853 another group left the Oregon Trail at Vale Oregon. This emigration was led by Elijah Elliott who followed, with some exceptions, Meek's 1845 route. But instead of turning north at the Deschutes River, Elliott turned south and traveled up the Deschutes River about 30 miles where a newly built trail had been prepared for the wagon train. This new road crossed the Cascades in the Willamette Pass and was known as the Free Emigrant Road. No toll would be collected on this road. ==History== As emigrants came to Oregon, the majority traveled on the Oregon Trail to the Portland, Oregon area. It was not practical to journey too far south once arriving in Western Oregon, so most emigrants settled in northwestern Oregon.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 315.〕 In the early 1850s, residents of the Upper Willamette Valley attempted to attract more emigrants to Central Oregon. One of the suggestions was to build a road over the Cascades that would bring emigrants directly to the upper valley. This road would save emigrants over , avoid the difficult crossing at the mouth of the Deschutes and the difficult choice of reaching Portland by boat or by traveling over the Barlow Road. Finding a way over the Cascades was challenging, and several possibilities were presented but most were deemed impractical. Finally, a survey party was formed to explore the Willamette Pass. It was through this pass the Klamath Indians came to trade with the Kalapuya Indians.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 324.〕 The survey party was formed and became known as the Road Viewers. Men who took part in the survey included William Macy, John Diamond, William Tandy, Joseph Meador, Alexander King, Robert Walker, and a J. Clark.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 321.〕 On July 19, 1852, Macy and Diamond made a preliminary trip across the pass. During this trip they decided to climb a prominent peak to help understand the terrain. This peak was named Diamond Peak after John Diamond. From here they were able to plot a route over the eastern half of the Cascade Range and on to the Deschutes River.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 323.〕 The Road Viewers left the Willamette Valley on August 20, 1852.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 327.〕 Once they finished the road survey, they tried to follow the remaining route to Vale, Oregon, where the cutoff was to begin. They continued northeast until they located the ruts of Meek's wagons and followed them not far from the Crooked River until they came to Steen's Ridge. A marker was found carved on a rock that was left in a small cairn on top of Steen's Ridge. The inscription read: “T – 1852."〔This rock is currently on loan from the Oregon Historical Society to the Bowman Museum in Prineville, Oregon.〕 It is believed the rock was carved by William Tandy, one of the Viewers. Although there was never any official statement, it is apparent the Viewers were also looking for the Lost Blue Bucket Mine, a place where some of Meek's emigrants had stumbled onto gold nuggets.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 332-334.〕 From Steen's Ridge, the Viewers followed Meek's wagon ruts south into the Harney Basin. The ruts led past the northern shores of Harney and Malheur Lakes. It was here the Viewers were attacked by a band they believed were Shoshoni Indians, although this was the territory of the Northern Paiute. The aboriginal attack force included 14 horsemen using guns and 40–50 foot soldiers using bows and arrows. Macy, Clark, and Diamond were wounded by musket balls and four horses were killed by arrows. The Viewers lost their notes, provisions and their geological specimens.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 335-336.〕〔Ruby, Robert, John Brown and Cary Collins. ''A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest,'' 3rd edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010, 222-230, 275-281. Unlike their Shoshoni neighbors, the Northern Paiute bands did not have horses, but enjoyed cooperative efforts between the two groups to resist the expansion of whites and other tribes.〕 The Viewers fled to the north and eventually came to the Oregon Trail along the Burnt River. A couple of doctors were coming through at that time and were able to assist the wounded men. From here they traveled back to the Willamette Valley via the Oregon Trail and returned home. With their adventure completed they filed a report that was quite optimistic considering the difficulties they encountered. The report devotes only one sentence to the skirmish with Native Americans.〔Menefee and Tiller, ''Cutoff I,'' 337-340.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Elliott Cutoff」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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